Definition & Context
Cobalt is a critical mineral in the global clean energy transition. It is an essential component of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) and lithium-cobalt-oxide (LCO) battery chemistries, which power the majority of electric vehicles and smartphones worldwide. The Democratic Republic of Congo produces approximately 70% of the world's cobalt supply, primarily from mines in the Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces. Major producers include Glencore (Mutanda and Katanga mines), China Molybdenum (Tenke Fungurume), and Gecamines (state-owned). The DRC's dominance in cobalt production makes it a strategically important country for global EV supply chains.
Key Facts
- • DRC produces ~70% of global cobalt supply
- • Global cobalt production: ~190,000 tonnes (2025)
- • Price range: $25,000-$80,000 per tonne
- • Primary use: lithium-ion battery cathodes (70%)
- • Other uses: superalloys, catalysts, magnets
- • Classified as "strategic mineral" under DRC 2018 Mining Code
- • Subject to 10% royalty rate in the DRC
Global Context
Global cobalt demand is projected to triple by 2030, driven by EV adoption. While battery chemistries are evolving to reduce cobalt content (e.g., LFP batteries), cobalt remains essential for high-energy-density applications. The DRC's position as the dominant supplier creates both opportunities and supply chain risks for manufacturers worldwide.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is cobalt important for electric vehicles?
Cobalt is a key component of NMC and LCO battery cathodes, providing thermal stability and energy density. About 70% of global cobalt production goes into battery manufacturing.
Where does most of the world's cobalt come from?
Approximately 70% of the world's cobalt is mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo, primarily in the Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces of the Copperbelt region.
What are the ESG concerns around cobalt mining in the DRC?
Key concerns include artisanal mining conditions, child labor risks, environmental degradation, and community displacement. Responsible sourcing initiatives like ITSCI and RMI certification address these issues.