Definition & Context
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a significant part of the DRC's mining sector, employing over 2 million people directly and supporting an estimated 10 million livelihoods. ASM miners extract cobalt, gold, coltan, tin, tungsten, and diamonds across eastern and southern DRC. While ASM contributes substantially to mineral production (up to 15-20% of DRC cobalt output), it has been associated with safety hazards, child labor, environmental damage, and conflict financing. International initiatives including the ITSCI system, RMI certification, and the Dodd-Frank Act aim to formalize and improve conditions in the sector. CongoConnect360 supports responsible ASM formalization programs.
Key Facts
- • Over 2 million artisanal miners in the DRC
- • Supports ~10 million livelihoods indirectly
- • Produces 15-20% of DRC cobalt output
- • Key minerals: cobalt, gold, coltan, tin, tungsten, diamonds
- • Subject to formalization under 2018 Mining Code
- • Designated Artisanal Exploitation Zones (ZEAs)
Global Context
ASM is a global phenomenon affecting over 40 million people in 80+ countries. In the DRC, the scale and strategic importance of ASM-produced minerals has made it a focal point for international responsible sourcing initiatives. Battery manufacturers and automakers increasingly require ASM-sourced cobalt to meet traceability and child labor-free standards.
Frequently Asked Questions
How many artisanal miners are there in the DRC?
The DRC has over 2 million artisanal miners, making it one of the largest ASM workforces in the world. The sector supports approximately 10 million people indirectly.
Is artisanal mining legal in the DRC?
Yes, artisanal mining is legal within designated Artisanal Exploitation Zones (ZEAs). Miners must hold valid cards issued by provincial mining authorities. Mining outside ZEAs or on concession land is illegal.